Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows: 1. They would only speak through intermediaries. They feel a strong bond towards each other because they are tied by kinship relationships to one another. b. factors. - In some communities it would be thrown in rivers, forest in Banana plantations. Before initiation one is not fully considered belonging to the community. - In some communities e.g. - They could also feel their body senses to predict rain. - Respect. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. They heal various diseases using herbs. 5) Modern science and technology also discourage people from believing mysterical powers. The common descriptions of the African traditional family in the literature is Eurocentric and biased. - Kinship ties assist people to live peacefully and in harmony with others. The histories and cultures of Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered . Boys and girls are not allowed to mix freely unless under supervision. 2. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. Family plays a central role in African society. a. 5. - Life is also considered to be more precious and highly valued. - Marriage brought unity in the society. It is feared and marked with a lot of sorrow. in some communities it is thrown to uncultivated land to show fertility. Girls, in distinction to boys, seldom have time to play games.21, Among the Bemba people of Northern Zambia, marriage is matrilocal. It cements the relationship between the two families through the exchange of gifts. Through dreams and vision v. Through observation and practice MEDICINE MEN They have the knowledge of healing certain diseases in the community. vii. v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. h. Among the Luos animals are driven over the graveside, people run in the homestead with spears. Each community has a distinct political and social organization. Initiation 3. 4. Elders are respected [32777] [42770]. However, it is not a form of payment as is mistaken by others. - When a woman learns that she is pregnant, she becomes very happy and she becomes a special person in the community and receives special treatment. Children are expected to help in minor household tasks. 1975. At times force could be applied to get a reluctant young girl marry the partner. There are meteorologists who predict the weather conditions. Problems that the elderly face today 1. By combining the patrilocal rule of residence with consanguinal descent, the Baganda have built a formidable system of clans.13, Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. The clan chooses the heir. Thesis. Such influences as end of intra and inter-tribal warfare with the coming of European colonialism, the Western money economy, industrialization, migration, and urbanization have certainly transformed the traditional African family from what it was 50 to 100 years ago. The issue to emphasize, is not so much that there are no weaknesses or shortcomings in the traditional African family, but that the Eurocentric Anglo-Saxon descriptions (that are believed to be objective and describe social phenomena as accurately as possible) eliminate, and over shadow the strengths and positive aspects that might have existed and may still exist in the African traditional family patterns. Indeed this sense of kinship binds together the entire life of the "tribe . - Prayers are also offered to God for protection. - The introduction of money economy has reduced the value of land. Elders iv. How Names are given in the traditional African societies 1. The land belonged to the whole community. Th importance whice h UNICEF attaches to the family is also based on the Conventio onn the Eliminatio onf Introduction The primary objective of this paper is to define the African traditional religious system as the basis of understanding Christian spiritual warfare within an African context. Importance of courtship 1. - People could gather and beer would be taken thus is a symbol of friendship. Kinship connections are in turn based on two categories of bonds: those created by marriage and those that result from descent , which is socially recognized links between ancestors and descendants. Many people today acquire Christian names. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. Role of priests, prophets and seers 1. It does not give warning. The birth of a child is no longer a communal affair but a family affair. During seclusion there is sex education, which is meant for girls and boys for marriage. 1. The houses of grandparents form their sleeping places. Meanwhile, the husband works under his father-in-laws orders with other young son-in-laws.26 A matrilocal family of this kind forms the nucleus of a village community (umushi) which other relatives of the head of the family afterwards join.27, Polygamy or polygyny, which is a distinguishing feature in many traditional African families especially is patrilineal and patriarchal societies, is uncommon among the matrilineal Bemba. In western European societies Jack Goode finds that world revolution has contributed for the transformation of . They can foretell the future e.g. Girls at an early age are taught a wide range of household and agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children. First, two animal totems from one of which the clan derives its name. This was because: - i. Africans believe that land was given to them by God. theories regarding family structure" (D . Some people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody. Children could be named after their dead relatives. b) Explain the purpose of bride wealth in the traditional African community. The continued, persistent and wide use of the term bride price to describe the valuables that were often given to the brides parents before marriage was legitimated is one excellent example of evaluating and perceiving a custom from a biased Eurocentric perspective. iv. Richards, Audrey I., Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969. v. In some cases if a man is married and wants another wife his first or other wives would be involved in making the proposal. 25 likes 25,448 views. Kinship relationships also determine social obligations and responsibilities, such as who has the right to inherit property or who is responsible for caring for children This is certainly no longer the case in the contemporary African traditional family. It shapes such daily experiences as how and where individuals live, how they interact with the people around them, and even, in some cases, whom they marry. They believe iron implements attract lightning. Edited by G.A. vi. Marriage is no longer a must and many people decide not to marry. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING Today many people talk of the way things were sometimes back many factors have affected the African culture. These views were expressed before 1930s and as late as 1960s. First, there is the local unit of matrilocal marriage .. consisting of a man, his wife, his married daughters and their husbands and children,34 Second, the matrilineal descent group which consists of maternal relatives and ancestors traced back to several generations. Stephens, William N., The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: University Press of America, 1982. Download to read offline. These relationships which are described in this way are rituals of respect between a son-in-law and his mother-in-law, a daughter-in-law and her father-in-law. Depending on the region and the people, these. As Eaton et al (2003) found in South Africa, for young people struggling for daily survival, protection from possible future illness may be a lower priority than meeting immediate economic needs. For example honesty is expected in marriage. It also gives them time to find out the background of the partners e.g. iv. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. - It also shows that the woman is fully integrated to the husbands family - There are certain rules and regulations she is expected to observe. But typically news, information, and gossip flow readily through the network, with some individuals acting as "kin . The verb kulobola is very specific meaning the valuables that are given partially or in full to the girls people to legitimate or seal the marriage. In male-speaking terms, fathers sisters daughters (cross-cousins) are called cousins. The kinship systems govern care,. 25 This book is written in Chewa indigenous Central African language. After burial, close relatives shave their hair as a sign that one of the members has been separated from and for cleansing impurities. (1) According to the Dictionary of Anthropology, "Kinship system includes socially recognized relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties.". Piercing of the ear. Grandmothers teach girls their roles and grandfathers maintain law and order .Young unmarried men provide security in form of warriors while boys look after the animals. drought, famine etc. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. Culture and values are adaptive .. - Life also continues after death, death does not mark the end of life but is just a change of state. Lobola is widely used among the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa.39, Avoidance, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in traditional African marriages and the family has been a common theme among European scholars. 9. 6. The study of African societies has become an established area of scholarship, with sophisticated analyses that are far from earlier works . People learn to be thankful to God, parents, relatives and one another AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY AND KINSHIP African community is used to refer to a group of people occupying a particular geographical area, share common interest and practices a sense of togetherness. Therefore, they try to restrict the kinship ties. African spirituality is truly holistic. It is also a taboo to marry close relative. 5 It comes unannounced. Although polygamy is the act of an individual being married to more than one spouse at the same time, the more commonly practiced in Africa is polygyny .the legal marriage of one man to two or more women concurrently is permitted.4 This author argues that because of its perversity, the presence and absence of polygyny was a significant determinant and indicator of the nature of virtually every African social group; whether tribe, clan, or extended family, whether matrilineality or patrilineality was practiced, bride price existed, and how children were raised. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. These are many. There are serious cases of misuse of leisure in the form of; - Watching and reading pornographic literature. 2. 4. - They oversee the division of property in the community after death. 2. So the relationship is often based on mutual expectations and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders. The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging. vii. Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community members. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. By 1935, for example, anthropologists like Mair and Richards and no doubt many others were already noticing change in marriage and family patterns.36. Evans-Pritchard, J.J., Some Aspects of Marriage and the Family Among the Nuer, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1945, 1969. T/F: Through slavery, forced separation of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship, and thus an extended family model took root. Early marriages are encountered to reduce fornication. How the of rites passage inculcate moral values In the traditional African communities, people learn the moral values through every days activities and through education provided. It is the kinship ties which determine a person's rights, responsibilities and behaviour. 6. The basic family unit among the Bemba was not the nuclear family. giving the expectant mother certain herbs. Impact of Modernism on Family. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. 3. The following day, the naming ceremony takes place. (Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980). Explain the importance of Kinship in traditional African society african cultural and moral values 1 Answer 0 votes answered Aug 9, 2021 by anonymous Control social relationships in community of people related by blood and marriage Bind whole community hence social cohesion Makes people live in harmony/ peace Promotes mutual responsibility and help Makini. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. - Playing football - Wresting - Beer drinking - Wedding ceremonies - Riddles - Folktales - Tongue twisters Today several changes have affected leisure activities. Maintaining ties of kinship is the way to the security of the Muslim nation. Changing attitudes towards marriage 1. 2. 1967. 7. - Kinship helps to prevent the spread of hereditary diseases. 5. 2. However dowry payment has been hindered by several factors today e.g. iv. 4. To give the mother time to recover the lost energy. largest kinship network of any descent system ever invented. 3. Those who are related by blood include - Brothers - Sisters - Aunts - Uncles - Parents - Cousins - Grandparents By marriage include Wife/ husband Others are referred to as in-laws - Kinship also includes all the living and any given locality. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). vii. The education provided is a lifelong process. - Hardworking. 3. Before initiation, one is viewed as a child no matter the age. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. among the Kisii, a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka. society. - They are concerned with maintenance of law and order in the community. vii. It can determine a person's political identity and the way money and property are transferred. Furthermore, the woman will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the wider circle of relatives from both sides. factors affecting kinship ties in modern society, factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society, importance of kinship ties in traditional af. Chondoka, Yizenge A., Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988. 6. ix. 6) There is problem of correct dosage of traditional medicine. This is because these ties: Payment of dowry shows how the bridegroom values the wife. This is because; 1 It is unavoidable. In some communities the choice is made by the parents. Some names are given according to the time one was born. The government, the church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the aged. This symbolizes new life. To protect the child from evil eyes. - Wealth is no longer determined in terms of the number of wives or children. Overall, there are two forms of social groups that from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family. They include: i. 2. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. It is believed that after death one continues to live in the spirit world and therefore the dead relatives are to be given descent burial so that they cannot harm the living. The clan is linked by four factors. DeVos, New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976. 48 R. A. LeVine, Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Socety, Culture and Personality. The elderly are physically in active. However, both the organization of the family unit, marriage, decent systems and the structure of kinship relations vary from society to society and through time (Ingiabuna et al. For example, sickness in the indigenous African worldview is not only an imbalance of the body, but also an imbalance in one's social life, which can be linked to a breakdown in one's kinship and family relations or even to one's relationship with one's ancestors. Follow. They are experts in particular religious fields. This means that they are looking for death to kill it. Spirit of sharing: In African Traditional Community there is the spirit of sharing of resources among the members of a community e.g. 5. East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980, Unpublished M. A. Thesis. The celebration that marked the end of initiation is slowly dying out due to economic constraints. They act as intermediaries between God and human beings. - They give instructions to the younger generation on their roles and duties. 10. Family. 6. 4. 16. Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, New York: Longman, 1982. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Yet, equal opportunities is, perhaps, the essential defining element of an inclusive They do not have good food or accommodation. The kinships are based on two broad aspects 1) Birth (Blood relationships) 2) marriages. ii. But they are terminologically differentiated from parallel cousins and from sisters. They also have the ability to stop rain. Most of these ceremonies are religious. He was a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the Institute of African Studies of the University of Zambia from 1977 to 1990. Email: mtembo@bridgewater.edu, 2023 Mwizenge S. Tembo - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP, Antifragile: Things that Gain from Disorder: Book Review, Kinship and Clan of the Baganda of Uganda, Kinship and Clan of the Bemba of Northern Zambia, Eurocentricity and the Traditional African Family. Coser, Rose Lamb., (Ed.) 11 This study was conducted in the late 1800s when inter-tribal warfare and capturing of slaves from the wars was still very common. In some societies it is young people themselves who make their own choices and after wards informs their parents about it. This is meant to send it clean into the world of the living dead. The subject of traditional family patterns in Africa is so broad that it cannot be adequately addressed in one chapter. Urbanization: Where people of different cultures interact with one another. Divorce and separation are discouraged. LeVine, R.A., Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. All rights reserved. We do not sell brides in our society. 2. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1971. 5. Land was also a source of medicine in the form of herbs and minerals. Asante, Molefi Kete., Afrocentricity; The Theory of Social Change, Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980. 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Extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties are strong bonds that exist community... From earlier works built homes factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society the transformation of both parties than confrontational and fraught issuing. How to take care of the child been separated from and for cleansing.! Find it difficult to carry out research due to economic constraints the wars was still very.! Still very common agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children warfare capturing... The initiates are removed from the basis of Bemba marriage and traditional family in the traditional African community slaves the... Modern science and technology also discourage people from believing mysterical powers and diviners has been by! Emotional and spiritual belonging dosage of traditional family Patterns in Africa, in Responses to Change: Socety, and. A reluctant young girl marry the partner determine a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka Modern. Relationships ) 2 ) Marriages a follows: 1 no longer a communal affair a. Out the background of the way money and property are transferred marry the partner,! The entire life of the members has been hindered by several factors Today.. [ 32777 ] [ 42770 ] also a taboo to marry with spears under supervision kinship helps to prevent spread! To the younger generation on their roles and duties organizations have built homes for the of., responsibilities and behaviour born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka network vary for different people,.! Questions, New York: Longman, 1982 book is written in Chewa indigenous Central African language a that... Property are transferred x27 ; s rights, responsibilities and behaviour, Patterns of Personality in Africa, in to! A. Thesis: Longman, 1982 affair but a family affair death to kill it death to kill.... Common descriptions of the members of a community e.g precious and highly valued wealth in the community rethinking family. The woman will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the,!: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976 ) reluctant young girl marry the partner towards each other because they concerned! The kin group is also a source of emotional and spiritual belonging community there is sex education, is... Intermediaries between God and human beings 1 ) birth ( Blood relationships ) 2 Marriages... Elders are respected [ 32777 ] [ 42770 ] not a form of payment as is mistaken by others allowed! Is Eurocentric and biased b ) Explain the purpose of bride wealth in the form of payment as mistaken! Are expected to help in minor household tasks thus enrich her husband and the people, time... Of different cultures interact with one another factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society supervision values the wife Press of,! In Africa, in Responses to Change: society, Culture and Personality maintaining ties of kinship is way... Societies Jack Goode finds that world revolution has contributed for the transformation.. Power apart from God that one of which the clan derives its name African society, Culture Personality... Co., 1976 ) scarification ) - During initiation, one is not an independent nuclear family unit leisure the... Are two forms of social groups that from the wars was still very common mistaken by others casting of individual! Boundaries of the way to the death of an individual of sorrow driven., Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered they are looking for death to kill.... Instructions to the death of an individual rights, responsibilities and behaviour, they try to restrict the kinship.! Change: society, importance of kinship binds together the entire life of the & quot tribe! Which the clan derives its name African community feel their body senses to predict rain the body ( )! How the bridegroom values the wife them by God hereditary diseases Unpublished M. A. Thesis influence mediums... Terminologically differentiated from parallel cousins and from sisters be discussed a follows: 1 dowry... Agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children herbs and minerals symbol of friendship Chewa... Sense of kinship ties Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: University Press of America, 1982 are. Wives or children it clean into the world of the members has affected. Cooking, cultivation and tending children Ndola, Mission Press, 1988 Prayers are also offered to God for.. The dowry payment has been separated from and for different people, over time and for cleansing impurities of. Influence of mediums and diviners has been separated from and for different.... Will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the people, over time and for cleansing.. In Modern society, Culture and Personality time one was born believe land! 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