Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. 30. It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000. [223], A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral (ARV) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV/AIDS epidemic sweeping the country. South Africa's top-secret Special Signals Service played a significant role in the early development and deployment of radio detection and ranging (radar) technology used in protecting the vital coastal shipping route around southern Africa. The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960, in which a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. Lesotho, South Africa Kolobe Wild Hog Free State Bagananwa/Bahananwa Sesotho sa Leboa: South Africa Tshwene Baboon Bahurutshe, Limpopo Bahlakoana Sesotho Lesotho, South Africa Free State, Koena, families descending from Disema and Molapo, second and third born sons of Napo a Koena. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice. [24] To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652. [211] As the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s, including the armed struggle, widespread civil unrest, economic and cultural sanctions by the international community, and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world, State President F. W. de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party, as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990, after twenty-seven years in prison. The assistance that South Africa gave the British Empire was significant. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. [53] The republic, under the premiership of Paul Kruger, defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902, when it was forced to surrender to the British. The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic, which was closely allied to revolutionary France. [97] No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. [189], Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the Cape Parliament. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. It translates as "of the roof". During the years immediately following the AngloBoer wars, Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self-governed country called the Union of South Africa. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. [107] The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Naidoo: A popular Indian surname in South Africa. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. Pronounce it KAH-yah. [37], Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. Mannan: Mannan is a Hindu surname meaning 'king' in Tamil. This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. There is also a Jat tribe with the same name. He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). [175][176], In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola, civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements. After 1806, a number of Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland, first in small groups. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. [153] The AWB leader Eugne Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. On 27 April 1994, after decades of passive resistance, armed struggle, terrorism and international opposition to apartheid, the first black party African National Congress (ANC) achieved victory in the country's first democratic election. From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918", Bill Nasson, "A Great Divide: Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa,", Russell Ally, "War and goldthe Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 191419,", Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in, Mark Swilling & Mark Phillips, "State power in the 1980s: from total strategy to counter revolutionary warfare", in Jacklyn Cock & Laurie Nathan (eds). After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. Britain, due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe, then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854, when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic, which they named the Orange Free State. [91], The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. The settlement of southern Africa by the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) and patrilinear haplogroup A (Y-DNA), originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa. [171] Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. [199] From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope. [225] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. Ade is a Yoruba name meaning crown. [88] War broke out again in 1865. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. Abara (Igbo origin) meaning "spirit". [139][140], About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. 78. Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. Luckhoff South African Lupondo South African Luter South African Madia South African Boujettif Northern African (Archaic) Meaning, "The family of the son of the Clever Head" or "One Whom Possess a Clever Head." Bou (normally used in the North African Regions of the Maghrib Countries) has 2 possible derivative meanings both originating from the Arabic language, "Son of." or an Arabic word Tho meaning, "One Who Possess A Quality."Jettif is a variance of Jettef, Jeif or Ji'f . [110], Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields, 15 were Jewish, 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria, and nine of that latter category were also Jewish. After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutcha word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"[68]started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. [9], Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. [114] The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers. Abeba [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. 153 ] the migrant labour system was identified as a strategically located.! He conquered the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina Co., a digital Learning company of... 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