Richelieu played an important role in her reconciliation with the king and even managed to bring the queen mother back to the Conseil du Roi. Unfortunately, it was far too late. [36] Though Marie was born under the Taurus sign, Sagittarius appears in the painting; it may be seen as a guardian of imperial power. This orb functions both as an allusion to the Roman orbis terrarum (sphere of earth) which signifies the domain and power of the Roman emperor, and as a subtle assertion of the claim of the French monarchy upon the imperial crown. The marriage contract was signed in Paris in March 1600 and official ceremonies took place in Tuscany and France from October to December of the same year: the marriage by proxy took place at the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (now Florence Cathedral) on 5 October 1600 with Henry IV's favorite the Duc de Bellegarde representing the French sovereign. Key moment in the Medici cycle from the Louvre, Sarah R. Cohen, "Rubens's France: Gender and Personification in the Marie de Mdicis Cycle,", The paintings of Rubens and Van Dyck on the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. We Medici always have. To add insult to injury, the whole time Henry had been playing White Knight with Marie and sending her love letters, he had been sending almost the exact same letters to Henriette, saying he wanted to kiss her a million times. It only got more tense from there. Like any classic intruding mother, Marie used her time in exile not to reflect on the error of her ways, but instead to collect other family members around her and pretend nothing was wrong. Bet she loved that. Hmm, wonder why Marie turned out so dysfunctional. These characteristics are known to be that of Piety or Religion, both of which Maria would want her son to embody. The last painting in the cycle, The Triumph of Truth, is a purely allegorical depiction of King Louis XIII and his mother, the Queen, reconciling before heaven. [28], The historical period that encompassed the subject matter for the paintings was a time of political upheaval in which Rubens sought not to offend the reigning French monarch. [112] Compositionally, Rubens gives the queen greater importance in this panel through the use of gestures and gazes. Rubens stresses the idea of the Regency that was offered to the Queen, though she actually claimed it for herself the same day her husband was murdered. [41] The painting displays an embellished Baroque collaboration of the spiritual and earthly relationships, which are illustrated in a theatrical environment. Marie was also very keen to be officially crowned Queen of France, but Henry IV postponed the ceremony for political reasons. As for the series of paintings of the kings life, that project never happened. The fountain was designed due to a special demand of the Queens. Gortner, The remaining three are portraits of herself and her parents. Marie must have grown soft in her later years, because she couldnt see just how far Richelieu had sunk his teeth into the king. With both beauty and big bucks, Europes most influential suitors considered Marie de Medici the top prize they could win, and she entertained courtships from multiple dukes around her area as a teenager. These spats were disruptive, but there were other things going on in the broken home. The river god in the picture's right corner is likely an allusion to the Arno River that passes through Florence, Marie's city of birth. [88] Fortunately, and perhaps solely due to the controversy surrounding this painting, Rubens mentioned its significance in a letter to Peiresc dated 13 May 1625. And if Mary gives up her crown, she looses all of her power. King smitten with the portrait of his bride-to-be (detail), Peter Paul Rubens, Jupiter and Juno (detail), Peter Paul Rubens, The Presentation of the Portrait of Marie de Medici, c. 1622-1625, oil on canvas, 394 x 295 cm (Muse du Louvre). WebWhen it came to setting up her son for success, Maria Salviati left nothing to chance. Therefore, Marie's visual biography was divided into three main chapters: childhood, life as a married queen, and the regency as a widow. Though the painting shows Marie de' Medici's desire for security with the representation of the Temple of Security, the symbols of evil at bay, and the change of smoky haze to clarity, there is also underlying symbolism of unrest to the acceptance of the truce. Husbands hiding things from wives, mothers from children, and generation from generation. WebFrance was a country torn apart by years of religious and civil wars when Marie de Medici married King Henri IV in 1600. [7] They may have been poisoned, but some historians believe they were killed by malarial fever. A formal chronological structure is followed in Panegyric writings detailing the ancestry, birth, education and life of the individual. Within this context Rubens' approach to 'historical truth' may appear selective or, worse, dishonest, but he was neither a historian in the modern sense, nor a journalist; the Medici cycle is not reportage, but rather poetic transformation. At Factinate, were dedicated to getting things right. All Rights Reserved. Gortner, The Confessions of Catherine de Medici tags: innocence , medici 41 likes Like Love is a treacherous emotion. These paintings of her parents in Marie de' Medici's reception hall look bleak in comparison to the portrait of Marie, where she is looking beautiful if not vain. Although the marriage succeeded in producing children, it was not a happy one. Please submit feedback to contribute@factinate.com. Jack Vance. Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini presides over the ritual. The hydra's death is not at the hand of Apollo as might be expected. Died without being baptized; named Nicholas or Nicholas-Henry in certain works. [12] Far from failing, Rubens demonstrated his impressive knowledge of classical literature and artistic traditions,[13] by using allegorical representations to both glorify the mundane aspects and sensitively illustrate the less favorable events in Marie's life. This gesture would usually be shared among male companions, telling each other's secret. WebMarie de' Medici, originally a scion of the powerful and rich House of Medici, was the Queen of France and the second wife of the King of France, Henry IV. However, even after Louis came of age at thirteen in 1614, the queen continued ruling in his stead. It's okay, Kriss. The model, or overall design, for this portrait of Johanna of Austria goes back to a painting by Alessandro Allori that was then copied by Giovanni Bizzelli. Her son exiled her when he seized power, Marie having extended her regency beyond his attaining the age of majority. In the work, Truth gestures toward the Queen while Time looks toward her from below. [66] The right side of the panel shows the succession of the new Queen, dressed in solemn clothing suited to a widow. In 1631, Marie found herself exiled from court for the second and final time, and King Louis made sure his mommie dearest could never come back. [11] At this time, women did not in general receive such laudatory tributes, although Rubens, if anyone, was well equipped for the job, having a great respect for "the virtues of the opposite sex", as seen in his commissions for the Archduchess Isabella. By the time she was a toddler, Marie de Medici had already seen enough of the grim reaper to last a lifetime, but her deepest tragedies were right around the corner. [5] In a few years, Maria also lost two of her siblings, Philip (died 29 March 1582 aged 4) and Anna (died 19 February 1584 aged 14). She is paired with Marie by the color of their hair, and similarly Louis is paired with Religion, or the Order of the Holy Spirit. Now orphaned, Maria was considered the richest heiress in Europe.[7]. [33] The last panel of the cycle, in accordance with this theme, illustrates Queen Marie rising up to her place as queen of heaven, having achieved her lifelong goal of immortality through eternal fame. On either side of the fireplace in the gallery are the portraits of the Queen's parents. The pairing of Marie with the figure of Force gives power to the image of the queen, while Marie's actual pose is more passive, showing very effectively her graceful acknowledgement of her son's authority henceforth. The Fates are depicted as beautiful, nude goddesses spinning the thread of Marie de' Medici's destiny; their presence at Marie's birth assures her prosperity and success as a ruler that is unveiled in the cycle's subsequent panels. However, despite our best efforts, we sometimes miss the mark. And then she came back with a vengeance. His willingness to fit his ideas with those of the patron equipped him with the perfect tools to be in charge of such a delicate and heavily anticipated subject. In the end, he had to settle for 10% less than the agreed (and considerable) sum of 60,000 pounds. [123] Richelieu's true motivations were most likely political. Direct link to Harriet Buchanan's post When a European king need, Posted 8 years ago. [6] When Henry was assassinated in 1610, Louis XIII, his son and successor to the throne, was only eight years old. Consider, for example, the Disembarkation at Marseilles, where everyone has eyes only for the voluptuous Naiads, to the disadvantage of the queen who is being received with open arms by France" [50], This painting allegorically depicts the first meeting of Marie and Henry, which took place after their nuptials by proxy. [79] In the upper part of the image Victoria appears crowning her with laurel leaves which is a symbol of victory. Practically her first act as Regent was to seek vengeance on Henriette dEntragues, banishing the bitter mistress from her presence and her court. Your suggestions can be as general or specific as you like, from Life to Compact Cars and Trucks to A Subspecies of Capybara Called Hydrochoerus Isthmius. Well get our writers on it because we want to create articles on the topics youre interested in. Marie ultimately decided to withdraw from court. Frances's intimate gesture may suggest a closeness between Henry and his country. Maria de'Medici, Queen of France , wife of King Henri IV. My dear, never give up a crown to anybody. Rule number one in queen school is to respect your crown. Upon her return, Marie focused on building and decorating the Luxembourg Palace, an enormous undertaking in which Peter Paul Rubens played a key role. For her son King Louis XIII, this meddling was the very last straw. [58] This particular image appears to carry significant weight in Rubens's iconographic program for the cycle, as it appears in six (one quarter) of the twenty-four paintings of the cycle. Four of the images are devoted to the marriage, possibly because marriage at Marie's relatively advanced age of twenty-seven was quite rare for a woman at the time. She intended to plead her case there, but the escape was only a political trap set by her son, who had withdrawn the regiments guarding the Chteau de Compigne. Marie de' Medici became the second wife to King Henry IV of France in a marriage by proxy on 5 October 1600 by the power invested in her uncle, Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. The painting is separated into two distinct, but related scenes: the elevation of Henry IV to the heavens (his assassination on 14 May 1610 resulted in the immediate declaration of Marie as regent[65]) and the assumption of Marie to the crown. Although he was present at the actual event twenty years earlier, as a member of the Gonzaga household during his travels in Italy, Rubens appears youthful and stands behind the bride, holding a cross and gazing out at the viewer. Another bone of contention concerned the proper maintenance of Marie's household as Queen of France: despite the enormous dowry she brought to the marriage, her husband often refused her the money necessary to pay all the expenses that she intended to carry out to show everyone her royal rank. [29], As a narrative source for the Marie de' Medici cycle Rubens used an ancient genera of writing in which ideal kingship, and good government were explored. Yeah, the Karen vibes were strong with this one. Escaping from Blois, 22 Feb., 1619, she made her way into Angoulme and obtained from Luynes the government of Anjou, which became a rallying-point for malcontents. Henry had been sending her romantic love letters, and when he finally met the bride, he continued to lavish her with chivalry. In the Louvre, the Queen had a luxurious apartment on the first floor fitted out, then moved in 1614 to a new apartment on the ground floor, which she had adorned with panels and paintings by Ambroise Dubois, Jacob Bunel, Guillaume Dume, and Gabriel Honnet on the theme of Jerusalem Delivered of Torquato Tasso (whose translation by Antoine de Nervze was Marie's first reading in French). In fact, she started an uprising twice. [67] This particular theme, within the painting as a whole, has found other great masters receiving inspiration and fascination from Rubens' tormented figure of Bellona, the goddess of War, who lays disarmed below. Shed waited a long time to find her equalbut this wasnt the fairy tale it sounds like. This portrait of Johanna of Austria is overall an inexpressive image of a woman. This matter is addressed very clearly in the video that precedes this essay (Harris and Zucker talking in front of the painting). [117] Although Rubens made great use of allegorical images throughout most of the paintings in the gallery, the two portraits of the Queen's parents are compositionally straightforward and unremarkably executed. Marie de' Medici wasted the wealth amassed by Henry IV; she never purged herself of the charge of having known of the king's assassination; her intimate was d'pernon, who did not ward off Ravaillac's blow, and who was proved to have known the murderer personally for a long time. Her marriage with King Henry IV enabled him to pay off his debts with the huge dowry that he For example, how she overcomes the rebellions and the disorders of the State. Gortner, The Confessions of Catherine de Medici. Reubens would have been responsible for the faces and hands of the main figures, and, possibly, for the entire figure of the patron, Marie de' Medici, but to have had help with backgrounds, clothes, and etc. The Queen Marie is depicted in a humble way, yet the illustration implies her power over the military. In 1578, when Marie was just three years old, her heavily pregnant mother Joanna fell down a flight of stairs, accidentally killing herself and her unborn child. From the time of her marriage to Henri IV, the Queen practiced ambitious artistic patronage, and placed under her protection several painters, sculptors and scholars. Sure, Henry was a royal catch, but Maries suitor had an utterly disturbing reputation. During and after the regency, Marie de Mdicis played a major role in the development of Parisian artistic life by focusing on the construction and furnishing of the Luxembourg Palace, which she referred to as her "Palais Mdicis". During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries iconography of the Christian world, as well as that of the Greek and Roman pantheon was understood by well-educated artists and citizens alike, and a familiar device used in artistry. [119] He was thus actively seeking for an Italian artist to replace Rubens, which resulted in Rubens only sporadically continuing his work. When a European king needed a wife, he didn't make the rounds of all the courts with available princesses. King Henry IV was able to pay off his debts thanks to her marriage and the large dowry he [34], Early interpretations explained Juno's presence in the scene through her identity as the goddess of childbirth. In the violent clouds are two Fames, one with a Roman buccina and the second with what seems to be a trumpet. The overseer or creator of more than three thousand woodcuts, engravings and paintings in various mediums, Rubens's works include historical, religious and allegorical paintings, altarpieces, portraits and landscapes. On the left, two putti play with a shield on which the Medici crest appears, suggesting that Heaven favored the young Medici from the moment of her birth. [89], Considering the haste with which Rubens completed this painting, his lack of specific reference to a golden age in his letter, and the existence of several contemporary depictions of Marie as a figure of Justice, most historians are content with the simpler allegorical interpretation which is more consistent both with Rubens's style and the remainder of the cycle.[90]. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1967. According to historical records of the Queen's escape, this painting is not truthfully reflecting the moment of the occurrence. A member of the powerful House of Medici in the branch of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, the wealth of her family caused Marie to be chosen by Henry IV to become his second wife after his divorce from his previous wife, Margaret of Valois. As a comparison, there are within each, two women upon a dais classical pillars, swathes of luxuriant cloth, genuflecting personages with arms extended, and allegorical figures present. While in the matronly doghouse, Marie spent her time as a monarch-for-hire, and made a special visit to Amsterdam to help officially recognize the nascent Dutch Republic. In 1616, the requirements of the Prince of Cond became so important that Marie had him arrested on 1 September and imprisoned him in the Bastille. Daughter of a Habsburg archduchess, the Queen-Regent abandoned the traditional anti-Habsburg French foreign policy (one of her first acts was the overturn of the Treaty of Bruzolo, an alliance signed between Henry IV's representatives and Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy), and formed an alliance with Habsburg Spain which culminated in 1615 with the double marriage of her daughter Elisabeth and her son Louis XIII with the two children of King Philip III of Spain, Philip, Prince of Asturias (future Philip IV) and Anne of Austria, respectively. [11] Rather, implications of political scandal in her life made any literal depiction of the events far too controversial for Rubens to execute without incurring the disapproval from others in government. It was designed by Tommaso Francini, a Florentine fountain maker and hydraulic engineer. Seriously girls, this guy? [80], The Exchange of Princesses celebrates the double marriage of the Anna of Austria to Louis XIII of France and Louis XIII's sister, Princess Elisabeth, to future king of Spain, Philip IV on 9 November 1615. Attributed to Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, in Apothegms by Francis Bacon, (1624) No. We know now that Cardinal Richelieu went on to achieve enormous influence and power in France, but if Marie de Medici got her wish, hed have done none of those things. [16], Peter Paul Rubens (15771640) was a highly influential artist in Northern Europe, widely believed to have played an important role in shaping the style and visual language of his time. [95], In The Negotiations at Angoulme, Marie de' Medici genially takes the olive branch from Mercury, the messenger god, in the presence of both of her priests, as she gives her consent to have discussions with her son concerning her clash to his governmental direction. 206 There is in gardens a plant which one ought to leave dry, although most people water it. [72] Marie hoped for her son, Louis XIII, to marry the Spanish Infanta Anne and for her daughter Elizabeth to marry the future king of Spain, Philip IV, possibly resulting in an alliance between France and Spain. Like. The information about the commission in the contract Rubens signed is far from detailed and focuses mainly on the number of pictures in the cycle dedicated to the Queen's life, and is far less specific when it comes to the cycle praising her husband Henry IV. Apollo being associated with art, Athena with wisdom, and Hermes the messenger god for a fluency and understanding of language. I knew that she was going to take it badly, but I had no idea about the insane lengths she would go to just to get revenge and mess with my life. Summary []. He is shown in the center of the scene raising a flaming sword. Nevertheless, the Queen-Regent's policy caused discontent. Below, Poseidon, three Nereids, a sea-god and Triton rise from the sea, after having escorted the future Queen on the long voyage to procure her safe arrival in Marseilles. Marie receives ultimate vindication by being re-admitted to the Council of State in January 1622. Then, on May 13, 1610, he finally gave in and crowned heronly there was a disturbing reason behind this timing. In 1532, the family gained the hereditary title of Duke of Florence. Her body was brought back to the Basilica of St Denis and buried without much ceremony on 8 March 1643, and her heart was sent to La Flche, in accordance with the wish of Henry IV who wanted their two hearts to be reunited. Marie, meanwhile, basked in the glow of success and looked forward to an official coronation now that she had done her duty. Her son Louis XIII died on May 14. [30], The price of Marie de' Medici Cycle was roughly 24,000 guilders for the 292 square meters, which calculates to about 82 guilders, or 1,512 dollars, per square meter.[31]. She died in almost total poverty and obscurity, far away from both her homeland and the country she had once ruled. [35] [63] The symbolism carried the message that she was charged with the guidance of the young, soon-to-be king.[63]. She gently touches Henrys shoulder and whispers in his ear, assuring him that a match with the Medici princess is indeed good for the kingdom. Francesco I is depicted wearing an ermine-lined mantle with a cross around his neck which represents the Tuscan order of Saint Stephen which his father founded. In case youre wondering, yes, this absolutely made her more enemies. [25] Coolidge also argues that Marie envisioned the subjects as falling into pairs, and further into groups. It appears that Rubens did not make any sketches for the Henry IV cycle while he was engaged with the first gallery. The English statesman Ralph Winwood also described her as of a comely stature, and with a natural grace. Eventually, Louis realized that if he wanted to get any calm in his kingdom, hed have to mollify her somehow. The Master of the Post-Impressionist, Paul Czanne (18391906) registered for permission to copy the goddess as many as ten times. Though this particular painting is one of the most straightforward in the series, there is still some minor dispute about its significance. In The Consignment of the Regency, Henry IV entrusts Marie with both the regency of France and the care of the dauphin shortly before his war campaigns and eventual death. The assassination of her husband in 1610, which occurred the day after her coronation, caused her to act as regent for her son, Louis XIII, until 1614, when he officially attained his legal majority, but as the head of the Conseil du Roi, she retained the power.[1]. [126] This painting corresponds to the Coronation painting in the Marie de' Medici cycle. Historys most fascinating stories and darkest secrets, delivered to your inbox daily. [106] With the removal of the scales she carried in an earlier sketch that would have connected her to Louis XII, we are left with an entity who with no help from Louis, slays the adversary as he appears oblivious and unconcerned. Although Maries uncle Cardinal Ferdinand was at the head of her marriage committee, he gave the young woman an unprecedented amount of choosing power, refusing to force her hand into a marriage agreement. Rubens and his times. On the day Marie accepted Henrys hand, she probably knew the French king didnt possess her own ample treasury, yet the gruesome reality of the situation shocked her. Afterwards she was offered an Indonesian rice table by the burgomaster, Albert Burgh. Catherine reminds Mary that her crown is powerful. Marie served as regent of France between 1610 and 1617 during the minority of her son Louis XIII. Also symbolizing victory is the imperial eagle which can be seen in the distance. [34], The cycle's second painting, The Birth of the Princess, represents Medici's birth on 26 April 1573. Saturn has his sickle and is personified as Time here guiding France forward. [10] Moreover, Maria de' Medici was the granddaughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (in office: 1556-1564), thereby ensuring and reinforcing a legitimate royal descent for prospective future members of the House of Bourbon (the Catholic League and Habsburg Spain had questioned Bourbon legitimacy during the previous French Succession War of 1589 - c. 1593). Gained the hereditary title of Duke of Florence, in Apothegms by Francis Bacon, 1624... Obscurity, far away from both her homeland and the country she once. Appears crowning her with laurel leaves which is a symbol of victory out so dysfunctional of language Marie de Medici! Rule number one in Queen school is to respect your crown wonder why turned. Yeah, the family gained the hereditary title of Duke of Florence, in Apothegms by Bacon. To getting things right there was a country torn apart by years of religious and wars. Her when he finally gave in and crowned heronly there was a royal,! Had to settle for 10 % less than the agreed ( and considerable sum! [ 112 ] Compositionally, Rubens gives the Queen continued ruling in his,... Most people water it his sickle and is personified as Time here guiding France forward N. Abrams Inc.. Known to be that of Piety or Religion, both of which Maria would her... Presence and her court depicted in a humble way, yet the illustration implies her power courts. [ 25 ] Coolidge also argues that Marie envisioned the subjects as falling into,. Clearly in the end, he did n't make the rounds of all the courts available. Wife, he continued to lavish her with laurel leaves which is a emotion. Being re-admitted to the Council of State in January 1622 a theatrical environment one with natural. Calm in his kingdom, hed have to mollify her somehow France but... Paintings of the kings life, that project never happened, represents 's. 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