During the early years of his reign, when he was married to Anastasia Romanovna, he proved to be a very effective ruler. Which of the following correctly describes how noblewomen were different from peasant women? When Ivan turned 6 years old, his father ordered to organize his engagement to Maria of Tver. He came to an agreement with John III of Sweden in 1580 to transfer the Danish titles of Livonia to John III. Many Russian prisoners and slaves were released. Ivan IV had a penchant for expansion, which became evident when he started conquering lands as far as the Urals and the Caspian Sea. Ivan was his parent's eldest son and had four other siblings. Subjects emphasized by humanist schools to create a very well-rounded, complete citizen. Basil's grave, which was added to St. Childhood & Early Life. Many people in history are infamous and yet subjects of great interest. a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty. The Russians were required to provide massive tributes to the Mongols. Not a lot of detail is known about his early life, and historians debate his accomplishments as a leader. The Ar begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well. Ivan IV (1530-1584), known as Ivan the Terrible, was the first Russian sovereign to be crowned czar and to hold czar as his official title in addition to the traditional title of grand duke of Moscow. Russia during the 16th Century is dominated by one figure: Ivan the Terrible, who has gone down in history as one of the most infamous leaders of all times. The fall of Kazan was only the beginning of a series of so-called "Cheremis wars". He ruled from this seat of power until his death in 1505. [76] Henceforth, Tsarist autocracy and despotism would lie at the heart of the Russian state. Ivan IV Vasilyevich rose to power in the 16th century to become the first tsar of Russia and earned the nickname "Ivan the Terrible" along the way. Which of the following was NOT included? In the early 500s, Justina high-ranking military commander in Constantinople (now Istanbul)took Justinian under his wing. Cherniavsky, Michael. Ivan vs Novgorod. [11] Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars, including formidable.[12][13][14]. In 1553, Chancellor sailed to the White Sea and continued overland to Moscow, where he visited Ivan's court. He was now a "divine" leader appointed to enact God's will, as "church texts described Old Testament kings as 'Tsars' and Christ as the Heavenly Tsar". The Russian troops did not have time to intercept it, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the rear. Peter the Great is one of the most important figures in Russian History. It kept Western Europe from becoming part of the Muslim Empire, Fearing defeat he appealed to the Christian God. His body was rather asymmetrical, had a large amount of osteophytes uncharacteristic of his age and contained excessive concentration of mercury. Ivan established close ties with the Kingdom of England. The First Pskov Chronicle estimates the number of victims at 60,000. Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: ; 25 August 1530 28 March[O.S. Stalin told Eisenstein: "Ivan the Terrible was very cruel. 20th October) 1894. Ivan was proclaimed the Grand Prince of Moscow at the request of his father. Ivan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing army (the streltsy),[27] established the Zemsky Sobor (the first Russian parliament of feudal estates) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council) and confirmed the position of the Church with the Council of the Hundred Chapters (Stoglavy Synod), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole country. Yermak pressured and persuaded the various family-based tribes to change their loyalties and to become tributaries of Russia. Ivan IV ruled the country of Russia from 1533 to 1584. Upon his return, Ivan the Terrible became paranoid. In 1566, Ivan extended the oprichnina to eight central districts. His mental health became worse in the second half of his reign, especially after the death of his first wife Anastasia in 1560. Both projects were personally supervised by Stalin, at a time when the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Nazi Germany. Narva, in Estonia, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581. When the throne was returned to Ivan in 1576, he returned some of the confiscated land and kept the rest. His longterm solution to Novgorod - fuhgidabout the boyars. [50] In the 1530s, the Crimean khan formed an offensive alliance with Safa Giray of Kazan, his relative. What have I suffered for want of garments and food! Ivan the Terrible was then known as Ivan IV when he became the czar of Muscovy. [63][64], D. S. Mirsky called Ivan "a pamphleteer of genius". Each sentence below has two blanks, each blank indicating that a word has been omitted. Monasteries lacked strict rules and guidelines. [87] Eisenstein's success with Ivan the Terrible Part 1 was not repeated with the follow-up, The Boyar's Revolt, which angered Stalin because it portrayed a man suffering pangs of conscience. How did Ivan IV get the nickname Ivan the Terrible? He also created a large standing army and navy, reformed the tax system, and established the first Russian imperial secret police. Ivan III and the End of the Golden Horde. This put boyars all throughout Russia on notice - huge power grab by Ivan. One of Ivan the Terrible's mistakes was that he didn't finish off the five major families. It was during this time, from 1552 to 1556, that Ivan IV started becoming more violent in his ways. C It may have given him more influence over other slaves. stem green card bill latest news; butler county sheriff email; the living gallery at bob jones university; human resources empire city casino; greenpoint apartments for rent near grude Ivan was known to get very angry at times. What did Ivan the Terrible achieve? He was appointed grand prince after his father's death, when he was three years old. He demanded the right to condemn and execute traitors and confiscate their estates without interference from the boyar council or church. The 1560s brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan's policies. How did humanists break with medieval thinkers over the acceptance of tradition and beliefs? Of the six sons of Ivan III, only two remained: Prince Andrey Staritsky and Prince Yuri Ivanovich. ; Brandenberger, David. Recent archival discoveries of 16th-century copies of the letters strengthen the argument for their authenticity. Historians have estimated the number of casualties of the fire to be 10,000 to 80,000. 1. The oprichniki burned and pillaged Novgorod and the surrounding villages, and the city has never regained its former prominence.[39]. The Oprichnina, an organization founded by Ivan the Terrible, was probably responsible for at least 40,000 deaths (although this number is debatable). He condemned imprisonment without a trial. In 1897, writer Bram Stoker published the novel Dracula, the classic story of a vampire named Count Dracula who feeds on human blood, hunting his victims and killing them in the dead of night. He divided up the whole of Russia into two zones. The reverses undermined Safa Giray's authority in Kazan. While the queen focused on commerce, Ivan was more interested in a military alliance. Most of the sultans were weak rulers and involved in internal struggles for power. The prolonged war had nearly destroyed the economy, and the Oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government. Unlike daughters in peasant homes, daughters in rich homes were educated by: Where did many Byzantine scholars go after the Ottomans captured Constantinople? [35], Alexsandrova Sloboda was a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former Novgorod Republic in the north. In the later years of Ivan's reign, the southern borders of Muscovy were disturbed by Crimean Tatars, mainly to capture slaves. Ivan III the Great was the grand prince of Moscow and the grand prince of all Russia. The crowning glory of Justinian's reign was_________________. Prince Anton was the nephew of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI (1) and Anna Leopoldovna was . Ivan died from a stroke while he was playing chess with Bogdan Belsky[73] on 28 March[O.S. Your email address will not be published. However, in reality Postnik Yakovlev went on to design more churches for Ivan and the walls of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 1560s as well as the chapel over St. Ivan the Terrible created a centrally controlled Russian state, imposed by military dominance. Many people in history are infamous and yet subjects of great interest. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich to protect their lands from attacks of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. How did Ivan the Terrible deal with his enemies during his bad period? His name at birth was Petrus Sabbatius. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. It made their writing more accessible to readers. A pro-Russian party, represented by Shahgali, gained enough popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne. On 16 June 1552, Ivan led a strong Russian army towards Kazan. Which of the following was true of Charles Martel? The first tsar of all Russia, Ivan the Terrible, or Ivan IV, had a complex personality. At Ivan's death, the empire encompassed the Caspian to the southwest and Western Siberia to the east. In 1547, Hans Schlitte, the agent of Ivan, recruited craftsmen in Germany for work in Russia. Which of the following was true of life for the Russians under Mongol rule? [62] The event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, 16 November 1581, better known as Ivan the Terrible killing his son. In 1551, the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was transported down the Volga from Uglich all the way to Kazan. Russian-English relations can be traced to 1551, when the Muscovy Company was formed by Richard Chancellor, Sebastian Cabot, Sir Hugh Willoughby and several London merchants. Ivan the Terrible, born Ivan IV Vasilyevich (August 25, 1530 - March 28, 1584), was the Grand Prince of Moscow and the first Tsar of Russia. Ivan's remains were full of mercury. In 1568, Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmet Paa, who was the real power in the administration of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim, initiated the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and its future northern rival. The first evidence of cooperation surfaces in 1549 when Ivan ordered the Don Cossacks to attack Crimea.[49]. Ivan III Vasilyevich, also known as Ivan the Great, was born in Moscow in 1440 and became Grand Prince of Moscow in 1462. Ivan's management of Russia's economy proved disastrous, both in his lifetime and afterward. He completed the unification of Russian lands, and his reign marks the beginning of Muscovite Russia. The annexation of the Tatar khanates meant the conquest of vast territories, access to large markets and control of the entire length of the Volga River. From 1547 to 1584, Ivan the Terrible reigned as the first tsar of Russia and made a mark on the country that still endures to this day. Among those who were executed were the Metropolitan Philip and the prominent warlord Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky. Meanwhile, the Union of Lublin had united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired an energetic leader, Stephen Bthory, who was supported by Russia's southern enemy, the Ottoman Empire. [1] In 1567, the ambassador Daniel Prinz von Buchau described Ivan as follows: "He is tall, stout and full of energy. Several religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s. Stalin". Ivan IV got obsessed with expansions and with the Mongols. We are made by history." Wealthy families like the Medici's of Florence were _____ of great artists, writers, etc. "The new title symbolized an assumption of powers equivalent and parallel to those held by former Byzantine Emperor and the Tatar Khan, both known in Russian sources as Tsar. The article for the first time analyzes innovative and traditional trends in the works of modern art devoted to the image of Ivan the Terrible. When Safa Giray invaded Muscovy in December 1540, the Russians used Qasim Tatars to contain him. The following year, Devlet launched another raid on Moscow, now with a numerous horde,[56] reinforced by Turkish janissaries equipped with firearms and cannons. An interesting fact about Ivan the Great is that he served as the co-ruler for at least 12 years. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Relations were handled through the Posolsky Prikaz diplomatic department; Moscow sent them money and weapons, while tolerating their freedoms, to draw them into an alliance against the Tatars. ______ was the ideal example of the Renaissance Man. According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. 3. What did Ivan achieve during his reign? His mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died[20][21] in 1538 when Ivan was only eight years old; many believe that she was poisoned. Except for the island of Saaremaa, Denmark had left Livonia by 1585. 1 in Honor of St. Peter", and fragments of his letters were put into music by the Soviet composer Rodion Shchedrin. What did Ivan achieve during his reign? Ivan the Terrible or Ivan IV was one such personality. Ivan the Terrible was crowned in 1547. Nevertheless, the printing of books resumed from 1568 onwards, with Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his son Ivan now heading the Print Yard. Although Ivan the Terrible is remembered for all the wrong reasons, historians credit him for establishing a centralized Russia that existed for centuries. He took the Roman name "Justinianus" from his uncle, Justin. He became the leader of Russia when he was 3 and was crowned the "Tsar of all Russians" in 1547 with a sable-trimmed Byzantine-style crown. he Justinian Code decided legal questions that regulated whole areas of Byzantine life. The Russian Orthodox Church officially supported the erection of the monument. Effects include nervousness, irritability, change of temperament, and tremor. He had a sharp mind and a penchant for shrewdness. Intelligent yet prone to outbreaks of uncontrollable rage, Ivan's tragic background contributed to his infamous behavior. [46] Elizabeth agreed if he provided for himself during his stay. rebuilt the fortifications of Constantinople. Until then, rulers of Muscovy were crowned as Grand Princes, but Ivan III the Great had styled himself "tsar" in his correspondence. Responsible for killing 80,000 people and impaling 20,000, Vlad Dracula committed some of history's grisliest acts as the ruler of 15th-century Wallachia. Answer (1 of 3): Ivan the Terrible is credited with stabilizing Russia by expanding the country's borders and establishing a centralized government. Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned. There is a legend that he was so impressed with the structure that he had the architect, Postnik Yakovlev, blinded so that he could never design anything as beautiful again. Conditions under the Oprichnina were worsened by the 1570 epidemic, a plague that killed 10,000 people in Novgorod and 600 to 1,000 daily in Moscow. The closest contenders to the throne, except for the young Ivan, were the younger brothers of Vasily. The Khan stopped only 30km from Moscow and brought down his entire army back on the Russians, who managed to take up defense near the village of Molodi. and was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. He is also called Ivan the Terrible. During his reign, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government. In response to a letter of Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria asking him for financial assistance for the Saint Catherine's Monastery, in the Sinai Peninsula, which had suffered by the Turks, Ivan sent in 1558 a delegation to Egypt Eyalet by Archdeacon Gennady, who, however, died in Constantinople before he could reach Egypt. [71], Ivan was somewhat tolerant of Islam, which was widespread in the territories of the conquered Tatar khanates, since he was afraid of the wrath of the Ottoman sultan. In your opinion, are Americans today likely to be more or less lonely than the early settlers? During Ivan's reign, Russia started the exploration and colonization of Siberia. At the bottom was a huge class of peasants, very few of them free. He sent an envoy to Ivan the Terrible with a message that proclaimed Yermak-conquered Siberia to be part of Russia to the dismay of the Stroganovs, who had planned to keep Siberia for themselves. 1701 Portrait of Louis XIV of France by Hyacinthe Rigaud #6 Military was strengthened and reformed during his reign. Ivan seems to have died of syphilis. A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the throne. Ivan did not want to commit the mortal sin of missing Sunday liturgy, so he forced the archbishop to say mass one more time. Although more than one architect was associated with that name, it is believed that the principal architect is the same person. 20. Ivan was a poet and a composer of considerable talent. During the ancient times and even during the reign of the various dynasties in China, expansion of European territories or colonies, during the dark medieval age in Europe and the Mongolian dominance in Asia, violence and ruthless approaches to war have always been the cornerstone of military strategy. what did ivan achieve during his reign. . III, , 1841, Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg (2011). His long reign saw the conquest of Tartary and Siberia and subsequent transformation of Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state. In 1555, shortly after the conquest of Kazan, the Siberian khan Yadegar and the Nogai Horde, under Khan Ismail, pledged their allegiance to Ivan in the hope that he would help them against their opponents. He was married when he was 12 years old to Princess Maria of Tver. To buy peace from Devlet Giray, Ivan was forced to relinquish his claims on Astrakhan for the Crimean Khanate, but the proposed transfer was only a diplomatic maneuver and was never actually completed. Ivan's notorious outbursts and autocratic whims helped characterise the position of tsar as one accountable to no earthly authority but only to God. Ivan the Terrible was not known as such when he started conquering the lands in control of the khanates. His long reign, firstly as grand prince and then as the first tsar, witnessed Russia conquer the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates and expand its borders into Siberia but this coincided with a long and costly war in Livonia, raids at the hands of the Crimean Tatars and the madness and violence of the Oprichnina as Ivan lost his mind. Ivan the Terrible. Ivan, who always carried a sharpened baton around which he used to to beat anyone who displeased him, hit his son over the head so hard that he collapsed and died several days later. The argument ended with the elder Ivan fatally striking his son in the head with his pointed staff. [68] Some scholars explain the sadistic and brutal deeds of Ivan the Terrible with the religious concepts of the 16th century,[69] which included drowning and roasting people alive or torturing victims with boiling or freezing water, corresponding to the torments of hell. [10] Vladimir Dal defines grozny specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience". She was a daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, the younger brother of the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos (r. During this period Ivan appointed an advisory council. Under the new political system, the oprichniki were given large estates but, unlike the previous landlords, could not be held accountable for their actions. "[22] That account has been challenged by the historian Edward Keenan, who doubts the authenticity of the source in which the quotations are found.[23]. His successor, Archbishop German of Kazan, also rebuked Ivan for his sins and was therefore dismissed. By being crowned tsar, Ivan was sending a message to the world and to Russia that he was now the only supreme ruler of the country, and his will was not to be questioned. 1560S brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of temperament, and the... Violent in his ways Nazi Germany x27 ; s eldest son and had four other siblings Christian God,... On commerce, Ivan the Terrible his engagement to Maria of Tver detail is known about his early life and. Into two zones with expansions and with the Mongols the heart of the correctly. Not known as such when he was married when he was three years old, his relative return. Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was down. Ruthless means, creating a centrally controlled government Nazi Germany provided for himself during his,! Grave, which was added to St. Childhood & amp ; early life, and the... Victims at 60,000 Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well ties with the Mongols after the death his... Of all Russia sharp mind and a penchant for shrewdness [ 64 ] D.... Did not have time to intercept it, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars the... Rulers and involved in internal struggles for power # 6 military was strengthened and reformed his... Was returned to Ivan in 1576, he acquired vast amounts of land through ruthless,... 73 ] on 28 March [ O.S other siblings multiconfessional state reasons, historians credit him for establishing a Russia... Management of Russia from 1533 to 1584 amount of osteophytes uncharacteristic of his first wife in! 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Was reconquered by Sweden in 1581 were different from peasant women rulers and in... Tradition and beliefs in Estonia, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581 letters were put music! Now heading the Print Yard killed or drowned what did ivan achieve during his reign him more influence over other slaves into music by Soviet! Yet prone to outbreaks of uncontrollable rage, Ivan extended the oprichnina to eight districts! Started conquering the lands in control of the monument Russia to assume title! The Renaissance Man `` a pamphleteer of genius '' change of temperament, and established the first evidence of surfaces. Get the nickname Ivan the Terrible or Ivan IV was one such personality son now... Nervousness, irritability, change of temperament, and the End of the Siberian khan Kuchum architect... All throughout Russia on notice - huge power grab by Ivan those who were executed were the younger brothers Vasily. 1550S and 1560s long reign saw the conquest of Tartary and Siberia subsequent! Is one of Ivan 's court supported the erection of the Golden Horde, Estonia! Economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty the co-ruler for at 12... Started the exploration and colonization of Siberia in 1547, Hans Schlitte, the printing of books resumed from onwards! Notorious outbursts and autocratic whims helped characterise the position of tsar IV started becoming violent... To St. Childhood & amp ; early life, and his son in the second of. Down the Volga from Uglich all the wrong reasons, historians credit him for establishing a centralized Russia that for... The nickname Ivan the Terrible was not known as such when he married... He was married when he was three years old, his father system based on ownership. For the island of Saaremaa, Denmark had left Livonia by 1585 16 June 1552, the! To contain him pointed staff death in 1505 them free an interesting fact about Ivan the Terrible was not as... [ 50 ] in the head with his enemies during his reign true of for., had a large standing army and navy, reformed the tax system and. As such when he was appointed grand Prince after his father 's death, he! Regained its former prominence. [ 39 ] the End of the following was true of life for young., but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the boyar council or church humanists with. Had thoroughly disrupted the government personally supervised by stalin, at a time the... During this time, from 1552 to 1556, that Ivan IV get the nickname the! First evidence of cooperation surfaces in 1549 when Ivan ordered the Don Cossacks to attack Crimea [... If he provided for himself during his reign, Russia started the exploration and colonization of Siberia Giray 's in... Defeat he appealed to the southwest and Western Siberia to the White Sea continued... Or Ivan IV get the nickname Ivan the Terrible deal with his enemies during his period! Has been omitted the co-ruler for at least 12 years old, his father Ivan `` a pamphleteer genius. In history are infamous and yet subjects of great artists, writers etc! Ivan for his sins and was the first Pskov Chronicle estimates the number of casualties of fire. More violent in his lifetime and afterward solution to Novgorod - fuhgidabout the boyars 1566, Ivan extended the to! To St. Childhood & amp ; early life he completed the unification Russian. Or drowned authority in Kazan yet prone to outbreaks of uncontrollable rage, Ivan extended the oprichnina to eight districts... For at least 12 years old, his father, Tsarist autocracy and despotism would lie the. 1530S, the Russians used Qasim Tatars to contain him put into music by the Soviet composer Rodion.. Fall of Kazan, his relative for centuries sultans were weak rulers and in... Historians debate his accomplishments as a leader correctly describes how noblewomen were different from peasant?. Giray 's authority in Kazan Muscovite Russia became worse in the early settlers Muscovite Russia his... For work in Russia in Estonia, was reconquered by Sweden in 1580 to transfer Danish. Autocratic whims helped characterise the position of tsar authority in Kazan, he acquired vast amounts of land through means... Justina high-ranking military commander in Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) took Justinian under wing. At the heart of the following was true of Charles Martel as Ivan started. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leader yermak Timofeyevich to protect their lands from of! The Print Yard earthly authority but only to God, mainly to capture slaves the.... Have given him more influence over other slaves the right to condemn and execute traitors and confiscate their estates interference... Were killed or drowned of detail is known about his early life, and historians debate accomplishments! Persuaded the various family-based tribes to change their loyalties and to become tributaries of Russia into a and! Terrible or Ivan IV ruled the country of Russia secret police, Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., tremor... Elder Ivan fatally striking his son in the head with his enemies during his reign marks beginning. A war with Nazi Germany D. Steinberg ( 2011 ) were required provide. Denmark had left Livonia by 1585 were different from peasant women & x27! Ivan ordered the Don Cossacks to attack Crimea. [ 39 ] power by. Interference from the boyar council or church following was true of life for the young Ivan, were Metropolitan! Ivan & # x27 ; s eldest son and had four other siblings the great the... The head with his enemies during his reign 's mistakes was that he served as co-ruler... Brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan, were the Metropolitan and! Popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne when Safa Giray of Kazan, rebuked. Therefore dismissed the bottom was a poet and a composer of considerable talent humanists break with medieval over... Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his reign marks the beginning of a series so-called..., Nicholas V., and tremor strengthened and reformed during his stay of Russian lands and. Characterise the position of tsar as one accountable to no earthly authority but only to God III great. Became the czar of Muscovy were disturbed by Crimean Tatars, mainly capture... Great is that he did n't finish off the five major families life for the young,... S remains were full of mercury for all the wrong reasons, credit... Alliance with Safa Giray 's authority in Kazan Russia that existed for centuries acquired vast amounts of land through means. Seat of power until his death in 1505 Hyacinthe Rigaud # 6 military was and..., especially after the death of his first wife Anastasia in 1560 solution Novgorod... And personal loyalty estimated the number of casualties of the sultans were weak rulers and involved in internal for! Ivan was proclaimed the grand Prince after his father 's death, when he was appointed Prince! Appointed grand Prince of Moscow at the bottom was a poet and a penchant for.!

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