Senusret III is depicted in statuary at different stages throughout his life and the realism of the figures is representative of the dominant style of Middle Kingdom art. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. Manage Settings Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris. His biography is available in 44 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 41 in 2019). Here were found the treasures of Sithathor and queen Mereret. However, he can ultimately be traced to the three Twelfth-Dynasty kings called Senwosret. Aside from his accomplishments in architecture and war, Senusret III is known for his strikingly somber sculptures in which he appears careworn and grave (Figure 0). Prior to Senusret III's policy, Egypt was divided between the upper-class nobility and the peasantry; afterwards, with nomarchs and their extended families no longer controlling the districts, lower-level administrators found upward mobility suddenly possible and took advantage of it. The Greek writers often amalgamated Senusret III with the other Senusrets, as well as Ramesses II and possibly Thutmose III, to create accounts that are often more anachronistic than they are historically accurate. Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king. The text reads "His Majesty proceeded northward to overthrow the Asiatics. C.It is directly related to the author's biography. Senusret III clearly established the precedent of Egyptian claims in Nubia that were made by several New Kingdom pharaohs, but some modern scholars believe that he also led at least one military campaign into the Levant/Syria-Palestine. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. This page was last edited on 14 September 2021, at 23:59. The central authority of Egypt, which was located in Memphis, was eventually ignored by nobles in the southern portion of Egypt, who became like feudal lords, ushering in the First Intermediate Period around 2150 BC. 2008-1957 BC) defeated Heracleopolis and unified Egypt once more under a single king, establishing in the Middle Kingdom. His court included the viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep. An online database of ancient Egyptian personal names, titles, and persons from the Middle Kingdom. Who was Senusret III? Djehutyhotep , Nomarch of the Hare Nome. After securing the internal sta. Several daughters are known, although they also are attested only by the burials around the king's pyramid and their exact relation to the king is disputable. (t Senvosret III. What structure was Senusret I best known for? He is sometimes called a "warrior-king" because he personally led his troops into battle. These include Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, and Meret. Sinuhe was an official of the harem maintained for Amenemhet I by his queen. The fifth century BC Greek historian, Herodotus, related how Sesostris built many canals throughout Egypt that were used for transportation and irrigation purposes. Successor: Thutmose III Major achievements: Regarded as one of the greatest ancient Egyptian pharaohs; her reign was one of peace and economic growth, coinciding with Egypt's golden age Major Accomplishments of Pharaoh Hatshepsut He divided the country into three large districts Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt and south past Elephantine (modern day Aswan), and Egyptian-held northern Nubia and these were governed by a council, appointed by the king, who reported to the king's vizier. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. Statue of Senwosret III (Senusret III), 1874-1855 B.C.E., 12th Dynasty, ancient Egypt, incised granite (granodiorite), found at the Temple of Mentuhotep, South Sourt, Deir el-Bahari, 122 cm high ( Trustees of the British Museum) A double-dated papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; generally, this is presumed to be a proof for a coregency with his son, which should have been started in this year. An expedition under Ramesses IV consisted of 408 members in It goes to the 12th dynasty (1878-1845 B.C). These are Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known from their burials next to the pyramid of the king at Dahshur. He is probably also the best known of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs to the public because of his many naturalistic statues showing a man with often heavy eye-lids and lined continence. [18] Some argue that Senusret wanted to be represented as a lonely and disenchanted ruler, human before divine, consumed by worries and by his responsibilities. According to the Egyptian sources, Senusret III led four campaigns into Nubia during his sixth, eighth, tenth, and sixteenth years of rule. His campaigns into Nubia expanded Egypt's boundaries, and the fortifications he built along the border fostered lucrative trade. These Nubian expeditions are the victories which gave rise to the legend of the great conqueror Sesostris recorded in the works of Herodotus and others. Memorability Metrics 360k Page Views (PV) 66.38 Historical Popularity Index (HPI) 43 Languages Editions (L) 8.65 Effective Languages (L*) 2.85 Thank you for your help! Senusret III was a son of his predecessor Amenemhat III and his wife Nefertitanen. Deviating from the . His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade, and urban development. Although the great Egyptian royal tombs known as pyramids are rightfully associated with the Old Kingdom because that is when the greatest and most enduring pyramids were built, the Middle Kingdom kings continued the tradition. I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. noble title. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from the Bahr Yusuf through to Lake Moeris by means the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and the addition of a network of drainage canals. He led campaigns to Nubia in c. 1872, c. 1870, c. 1868, c. 1862, and c. 1860 BCE and was victorious in each except the last, which he aborted. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. An example of this on a small scale is a pectoral (a brooch worn suspended on the chest) of Meretseger (also given as Mereret), one of Senusret III's lesser wives. Horkherty was king's acquaintance. It far surpassed those from the early twelfth dynasty in size, grandeur, and underlying religious conceptions. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He is also associated with the nameless pharaoh from the biblical book of Genesis, chapters 39-47, in which Joseph is sold into servitude in Egypt and wins his freedom through his ability to interpret dreams accurately. The text reads "His Majesty proceeded northward to overthrow the Asiatics. Related Content British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right). It will be nearly impossible to determine how much of what the Greek writers attributed to Sesostris and Sesoosis were actually done by Senusret III, but the salient point is that ancient peoples, both Egyptians and Greeks, believed that he was one of the greatest Egyptian kings. For the most part, the Middle Kingdom pyramids were inferior when compared to their Old Kingdom ancestors because the later pyramids used a mud-brick instead of a stone core. He unified Egypt with a strong central government located at Thebes. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. (throne name of Sobekhotep III, king of the 13th dynasty) Wadj-Kheper-Re: Flourishing Is the Manifestation of Re (throne name of . He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. More people were now working at higher-paying jobs as administrators and bureaucrats, which enriched the individual nomes and provided a greater amount of disposable income. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III left a profound influence on Egypt that resonated for several centuries, not just in physical ways throughout the Nile Valley, but also in the minds of its people and even in the historiography of the ancient Greeks. Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. When Senusret III came to power, he was the beneficiary of several successful kingships that provided him with a template upon which he based his rule. Ikhernofret worked as treasurer for the king at Abydos. Although Senusret I and Senusret II extended Egypt's borders and established fortifications, they did not have the same reputation for greatness accorded to Senusret III. His four campaigns against Nubia opened up the rich gold mines to Egypt, which contributed to the prestige of Egypt in foreign trade and commerce. [7] Another great stela from Semna dated to the third month of Year 16 of his reign mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Canaan. The face of Senwosret III is one of the most individual and recognizable in all of Egyptian art. Founding Pharaoh Of Twelfth Dynasty Of Egypt, Earliest Confirmed Female Egyptian Pharaoh C. 1700-1800 Bc. The burial chamber was lined with granite. Senusret III's throne name was Kha-khau-ra ('Appearing Like the Souls of Ra'). Khakhaure Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. More recently, it has been suggested that the purpose of such peculiar portraiture was not to represent realism, but rather, to reveal the perceived nature of royal power at the time of Senusret's reign. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 0 references. Perhaps Senusrets finest architectural achievement was the White Chapel. https://www.worldhistory.org/Senusret_III/. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Although there were many great kings throughout Egypt's history who honored and adhered to the concept of ma'at, few exemplified that principle of divine balance as closely as Senusret III. Read more on Wikipedia. World History Encyclopedia. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. When Senusret II died, Senusret III came to the throne and decided to remedy the situation. When he was not in school, he would have engaged in athletic training with an emphasis on physical prowess and military skill. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract [3] and relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna and Toshka at Uronarti. Media in category "Pyramid of Senusret III" The following 36 files are in this category, out of 36 total. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Deviating from the standard way of representing kings, Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III had themselves portrayed as mature, aging men. Other sons are not known.[4]. it contains only enduring and essential truth. An inscription documenting Senusret IIIs year sixteen campaign demonstrates just how brutal things were: Year 16, third month of the second season, (occurred) his majestys making the southern boundary as far as Heh. His Majesty reached a foreign country of which the name was Sekmem () Then Sekmem fell, together with the wretched Retenu", where Sekmem (s-k-m-m) is thought to be Shechem and "Retenu" or "Retjenu" are associated with ancient Syria. Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. The total volume was approximately 288,000 cubic meters. Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. He died of old age and before he died he appointed his successor Amenemhat II. In it, he admonished his future successors to maintain the new border that he had created: Year 16, third month of winter: the king made his southern boundary at Heh. Other sons are not known. World History Encyclopedia, 26 Jul 2017. Senusret III redistricted the country to decrease the number of nomes, and of course, this reduced the number of nomarchs. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich, Face of a king, probably Senusret III, wearing the nemes royal headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Egypt, Presented by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London, Munich, Staatliche Sammlung fr gyptische Kunst, Sebek-khu Stele, describing the campaign to Canaan. 2 Mar. Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions. 1 reference. "Senusret III." The Semna inscriptions paint a picture of a complex relationship between the Egyptians and Nubians for example, Nubians were explicitly forbidden from entering Egypt, but trade and social interaction was allowed and even encouraged to some extent at the forts. Pharaohs of the New Kingdom of Egypt would emulate his reign, and centuries after his death he was still prayed to and worshiped as a divine representative of the best gifts the gods gave to the Egyptian people. The Middle Kingdom was the second of the three "Golden Ages" of pharaonic Egypt; it was distinguished by the centralization and expansion of the Egyptian realm, as well as a high artistic standard . This image of "Sesostris" is manifestly an amalgam of several warrior-pharaohs in Egyptian history. ISSN ONLINE: 2454-9762 ISSN PRINT: 2454-9762 Available online at wwwijarmatecom International Journal of Advanced Research in Management Architecture Technology and Engineering There has been speculation that Senusret was not necessarily buried there, but rather, in his sophisticated funerary complex in Abydos and his pyramid more likely being a cenotaph. Centuries after Senusret III had died, but still during ancient times, various people viewed the king in a legendary manner. 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