For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. PubMed Central Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. A.A. 2015. Choosing among five traditions. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 36 0 obj <> endobj Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Download Free PDF Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Peterson DR. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Cite this article. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Murdock G. Theory of illness. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Disobeying elders causes ailment. In: Nichter M, editor. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. Wilson. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. . Federal Ministry of Health. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. The move towards a new public health police. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Meadows LM, Morse JM. 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